The Eight Words That Unlock Everything Else
You're comparing two AI tools: one was "trained on proprietary data," the other uses "a foundation model fine-tuned for your industry." You'll know what each claim actually means.
A plain-English glossary and field guide to every AI term you'll ever need — and the ones you can safely skip.

At some point in the last year or two, you started running into AI vocabulary faster than you could absorb it. Not just product names — technical terms people used as if they were obvious: "the model," "training data," "token limits," "prompt engineering.".
You're reading a vendor proposal and hit this in the second paragraph: "Our platform combines RAG-based retrieval with an agentic orchestration layer and a fine-tuned foundational model." You'll understand every word of it.
You're comparing two AI tools: one was "trained on proprietary data," the other uses "a foundation model fine-tuned for your industry." You'll know what each claim actually means.
You're deciding between two AI tools — one you've used, one a colleague recommends — and both spec pages list "128K context window with adjustable temperature and support for fine-tuning." You'll know what those numbers are worth.
A company announces its new model shows emergent reasoning on a path toward artificial general intelligence. The linked paper reports a benchmark improvement on a multi-step arithmetic task, with the jump appearing sharply as model size crossed a threshold. You'll see the gap.
You type: "Check my calendar for next Tuesday, find a free two-hour slot, draft an agenda for my team meeting, and send it to my colleagues." With a basic AI chatbot, the model writes the agenda text — and nothing else. You'll know why.
After training on data, what you get is a model — the thing you actually use when you type a question into a chatbot, run a photo through a filter, or ask a recommendation engine what to watch next. Training is the cooking process; the model is the finished dish.
Open any provider's model page and you'll see a short menu of options with version numbers and release dates. Those names change every few months — today's headline model is often replaced before the article falls off the front page. Chasing the names is a losing game.
Every LLM has a context window, measured in tokens — its working memory for a single session. Everything inside it (your system prompt, the conversation so far, the document you pasted in) is what the model can "see" when generating its next response. Anything outside the window is invisible to it.
When a model processes text, it converts words and phrases into numerical vectors — lists of numbers that mark where that piece of text sits in a multi-dimensional "meaning space." These vectors are called embeddings.
A base LLM is trained on general text. Fine-tuning continues that training on a smaller, specialized dataset — your company's support tickets, a set of medical records, a library of legal documents — to shift the model toward a specific domain, tone, or task.

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